PROPOSED LESSON
PLAN/NOTE FOR THE FIRST WEEK ENDING 13th SEPTEMBER, 2022/2023
ACADEMIC SESSION
SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE
TOPIC: LIVING THINGS
(HABITAT)
CLASS: GRADE 8
NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 15
AVERAGE AGE: 11+ YEARS
GENDER: MIXED
PERIOD: 3RD&4TH
PERIOD ON MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY RESPECTIVELY
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
DATE: 12/09/2022
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
By the end of the lesson the students should be able to;
(i)
define habitat, states the various types of habitat and give examples;
(ii)
explain adaptation of living things to their habitat;
(ii)
discuss the relationship between living things in the same habitat;
(iv)
describe population and population density;
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: The
students are familiar with trees, land and water.
INSTRUCTIONAL
METHODS/TECHNIC: Questions, simulation, quiz.
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:
Charts, diagrams of water, land and trees.
INTRODUCTION: Questions post
to the students include;
Question 1: Where
do you live in?
Expected Answer:
Home, house, hostel.
Ecology
is the study of interrelationships between living organisms and their
environment. An ecologist is a scientist that studies habitat.
Question 2: How
is a father related to a mother and children.
Expected Answer: Father
to mother by marriage, father to children by blood.
An
ecosystem is the whole biotic (living) community in a given area (habitat) plus
its abiotic (non-living) environment. It is a geographic area where plants,
animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together
to form a bubble of life.
Question 3: Mention
the kinds of species that exist in our environment.
Expected Answer: Goats,
dogs, chickens.
A
group of several species living together with mutual tolerance in a natural
area is known as a community.
Question 4:
Human being lives where?
Expected Answers: house
STEP1: MEANING
OF HABITATS
The
place where an organism lives in nature is called a habitat. The habitat of an
organism actually represents a particular set of environmental conditions
suitable for its successful growth. For example, camel and cactus are found in
desert habitat. Many different natural habitats are found in Nigeria like savannas,
tropical forests, wetlands, lakes, rivers and coastal areas. Highland areas
like Yoruba in the West, Jos plateau in North Central and mountains in the East
are also found. The diversity of landscape and climate results in diversity of
flora and fauna in Nigeria.
Question 5 Mention
three types of habitat you know.
Types of habitat
There
are three types habitat prevailing in nature;
1.
Terrestrial 2.Aquatic 3. Arboreal
Terrestrial habitat:
All
the habitats on land are included in this type of habitat. Terrestrial habitat
is a land habitat. Examples of terrestrial habitats are forest, desert, grass
land, farmland, mountains, etc. Animals found in terrestrial habitats are men,
cow, dog, goat, lion, monkey, lizard, etc.
Plants
found in terrestrial habitats are oil palms, acacia, baobab, tamarind, locust,
beans, etc. All the terrestrial habitats are different from one another due to variations
in a-biotic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil, climate, etc.
Aquatic
habitat:
All
the water bodies like pond, river, lake, stream, sea and ocean are included in
aquatic habitat. Many organisms are found in water bodies. Examples of animals found in aquatic habitat
are frog, toad, snail, fish, whale, crab, etc. Plants found in aquatic habitat
are water lily, lotus, water hyacinth, hydrilla, etc.
When
considering aquatic habitats, many variables come to mind. Obviously, there is
a continuum of salinity ranging from essentially distilled water at glacier faces
and high mountain streams, to other freshwaters, to estuaries where fresh and
salt waters mix to oceans, to hyper-saline environments such as the Great Salt
Lake. Aquatic habitats are classified chiefly into three categories: the
freshwater habitat, brackish water habitat (estuaries) and marine habitat.
(1) Freshwater habitat:
Freshwater habitats are a subset of earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes
and ponds, rivers, streams and springs and wetlands. They can be contrasted
with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats
can be classified by different factors, which include temperature, light
penetration, and vegetation. In freshwater habitat, the salt content of water
ranges from 0.0 ppm to 0.5 ppm (ppm = part per million). Examples of freshwater
organisms are crab, mud fish, pistia, spirogyra, tadpole, fairy shrimp, etc.
(ii) Brackish water
habitat (Estuarine): In this case, salt content in water
ranges from 0.5 ppm to 30 ppm. Brackish water is the water that has more salinity
than freshwater, but not as much as sea water. It may result from mixing of sea
water with freshwater, as in estuaries. Salmon, eels, and mangroves are examples
of organisms found in brackish water habitat.
(iii) Marine habitat:
Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. In this
habitat, salt content of water ranges from 30 ppm to 52 ppm. Examples of
organisms found in marine habitat include whales, sharks, crabs, mangroves,
seaweeds (red and brown algae), angelfish, etc.
Factors affecting
aquatic habitat: salinity, temperature, turbidity.
Arboreal habitat:
Arboreal
habitat is a habitat or location of animals on trees. In every habitat where
trees are present, animals have evolved to move on them.
Animals
of arboreal habitat include squirrel, monkeys, butterflies, leopards, etc.
Plants like epiphytes and dodder are the best examples of arboreal habitat.
STEP II: ADAPTATION OF
LIVING THINGS TO THEIR HABITAT
Adaptations
are features which help plants and animals to survive in their habitats.
Adaptation
is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its
habitat. The term adaptation may also refer to a feature which is especially
important for an organism's survival and reproduction. Organisms which can live
and reproduce in water cannot live or reproduce on land and vice-versa. Why
does this happen? Because those organisms that live or reproduce in water have
some adaptive characteristics which make them suitable to live in water.
Similar things happen with those organisms which live on dry land or in the
deserts. All organisms need to adapt to their habitat to be able to survive.
This means adapting to be able to survive the climatic conditions of the
ecosystem, predators and other species that compete for the same food and
space. An adaptation is a modification or change in the organism's body or
behaviour that helps it to survive.
An
animal may adapt to its habitat in different ways. Organisms having their
different habitats and adaptive features are given below
ORGANISMS WITH THEIR HABITATS
AND ADAPTIVE FEATURES
|
Organism |
Habitats |
Adaptive
Features |
|
Birds |
Terrestrial
and arboreal |
Forelimbs
modified into wings for flight adaptation, claws, full body is covered with
feathers. |
|
Duck |
Terrestrial
and aquatic |
Webbed
feet, broad beak, boat-shaped body for swimming in water. |
|
Fish |
Aquatic |
Gills
for respiration, lateral and dorsal
fins, scale on the body, streamlined body. |
|
Frog |
Terrestrial
and aquatic |
Webbed
feet, bifid tongue, presence of limbs, bulging eyes, fixed eyelid. |
|
Lizard |
Terrestrial |
Claws,
limbs, tongue for catching prey, lungs for respiration. |
|
Rat |
Terrestrial |
Hair
on the body, limbs, lungs and claws. |
|
Giraffe |
Terrestrial |
Hair
on the body, long neck, long eye lashes. |
|
Cactus |
Terrestrial(desert) |
Spongy
stem, leaves reduced to spines, thick waxy coating to prevent loss of water. |
|
Lotus |
Aquatic |
Leaves
are large, circular and waxy, stem is thin and flexible, root and root hairs
are poorly developed. |
|
Mangroves |
Aquatic |
Prop-roots,
pneumatophores. |
Question 5: What do
lion eat?
Expected Answer: flesh
STEP III: RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN ORGANISMS IN THE SAME HABITAT
Each
type of organism interacts with one another on the way the organisms adapted to
their habitat. These relationships are better described as positive-negative
relationship.
All the
species or organisms in a habitat are connected through food chains and complex food webs of eater and eaten. These show
interconnectedness. If one species disappears, its predators can no longer eat
it and its prey is no longer eaten by it.
In a
habitat, food relationship exists between different living organisms. The food
(or energy) produced by green plants (producers) is consumed by herbivores.
Thus, a
food chain is formed. In a food chain, energy transfer takes place from
producers to consumers to decomposers. In a food web, each organism occupies a
specific position, whether it is a producer, a herbivore or a carnivore, One
organism may occupy positions in more than one food chain, for an organism can
obtain its food from different sources and in turn may be eaten by different
types of organisms. This is particularly true for carnivores at the higher
trophic levels. For example, sheep, a herbivore, may be consumed by a lion or a
jackal, or even by humans. Similarly, mice, which are herbivorous, may be
consumed by a snake, a cat or a hawk.
Different
components of a habitat are producers,
consumers and decomposers.
Producers
are mainly trees of different kinds. The contain chlorophyll which enable them
to manufacture their food through a process called photosynthesis. The
chlorophyll is found in the chloroplast. In addition, shrubs and herbs are also
present. Tree flora varies depending upon the climate whether tropical or
temperate. These organisms synthesize their own food by photosynthesis. Examples
are all green plants. However, in the strict sense, the plants (or the
producers) don't produce energy. They only convert sunlight (Solar energy) into
chemical energy of food. Consumers consist of herbivores and carnivores. These
organisms are dependent upon other organisms for food. Examples: Man and all
the animals.
Omnivores feed on
all things i.e. flesh and plants.
Herbivores feed on
producers (plant). Smaller herbivores like ants, flies and beetles feed on tree
leaves. Larger herbivores like the elephant, deer and squirrels feed on shoots
and fruits.
Carnivores feed on
the herbivores. Smaller carnivores like birds, lizards and snakes feed on the
herbivores. The larger carnivores like the lion and tiger feed on herbivores
and smaller carnivores.
Decomposers these
consume, and thus decompose, the dead remains of other organisms, they include
bacteria and fungi and are also called saprophyte.
STEP IV: POPULATION AND
POPULATION DENSITY
A
population is the number of organisms of the same species that live in a
particular geographic area at the same time, with the capability of
interbreeding.
Examples,
humans, fishes, birds, etc.
POPULATION DENSITY
Population
density refers to a measure of the number of organisms that make up a
population in a defined area.
SUMMARY/CONCLUSSION
i.
A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a
particular species of animals, plants, or other types of organisms.
ii.
A number of a-biotic factors influence the habitat and survival of organisms.
iii.
The three types of habitat are-terrestrial, aquatic and arboreal.
iv.
Aquatic habitats are chiefly classified into three categories namely:
freshwater, brackish and marine.
EVALUATION: Oral
Questions
(i)
Define habitat, states the various types of habitat and give examples.
(ii)
Explain the adaptation of living things to their habitat.
(ii)
State the relationship between living things in the same habitat.
(iv)What
is population and population density?
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
Define terrestrial habitat and describe it briefly by giving examples of
animals and plants found in it.
2.
What do you mean by aquatic habitat?
3.
Define arboreal habitat and describe it briefly by giving examples of animals
and plants found in it.
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