PROPOSED LESSON PLAN/NOTE
FOR THE FIRST WEEK ENDING 13th SEPTEMBER, 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION
SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE
TOPIC: ENVIRONTAL
HAZARD II AND III
CLASS: GRADE 9
NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 15
AVERAGE AGE: 13+ YEARS
GENDER: MIXED
PERIOD: 3RD&4TH
PERIOD ON MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY RESPECTIVELY
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
DATE: 12/09/2022
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By
the end of the lesson the students should be able to;
i.
explain deforestation-Reasons For Deforestation, Effects On The Environment,
Regulations On Deforestation.
ii.
discuss desertification-Meaning, Geographical Area, Causes And Control
Measures.
iii.
explain Ozone Layer Depletion-Causes Effects And Control Measures.
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR: Students
are familiar with forest.
INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS: Textbook, lesson note, laptop,
projector, marker, whiteboard, Pictures showing forest, desert, ozone layer.
INSTRUCTIONAL
METHODS/TECHNIC: Questions, simulation, quiz.
INTRODUCTION: Questions
posed to the students include:
Question 1: Have
you seen a forest before?
Expected Answer: Yes
Question 2: Why
do people clear forest?
Expected Answer: For
building, planting.
STEP I: MEANING OF DEFORESTATION
The clearing of large areas of forests by man
is termed deforestation. Forest refers to a large area of land covered with
trees. Forests support thousands of
Life forms of plants
and animals.
REASONS FOR DEFORESTATION:
1. Fire wood gathering
for domestic purposes.
2. Increased demand
for housing.
3. Expansion of agricultural
land.
4. Mining activities.
5. Industrial/
Commercial Activities.
6. Overgrazing
7. Natural disaster
such as forest fires.
Question 3: What is the effects deforestation on the environment?
Expected
Answer: Global warming
EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION ON THE ENVIRONMENT:
1. Global warming and greenhouse effect: Global warming is a sustained
increase in the average temperature of the Earth, sufficient to cause climate
change. The trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during the process
of photosynthesis and release oxygen back into the atmosphere. Greenhouse is a
hot state in global climate. Deforestation contributes to global warming, and
is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
2. Disturbance in water cycle: When a part of a forest is removed,
the trees are no longer available to evaporate water present in them, resulting
in a drier climate. Deforestation reduces the content of water in the soil and
groundwater as well as atmospheric moisture.
3. Biodiversity: Deforestation generally increases the rate of soil erosion,
by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the soil from
tree litter.
4. Rate of soil erosion: Deforestation generally increases the rate of soil
erosion, by increasing the amount of runoff and reducing the protection of the
soil from tree litter.
5. Economic impact: Any damage to forests and other aspects of nature could harm
the living standards of the population which is dependent on forests for its living.
REGULATION ON DEFORESTATION:
1. Involvement of Local People: Local people should be involved in
the conservation of forest.
2. Use of Alternative Source of Energy: Renewable energy such as hydel, tidal
and solar energy should be used.
3. Afforestation: Forest areas should be increase by massive plantation of
trees on the degraded land.
4. Legislation: Laws should be made and implemented strictly to check the
following;
i. Prevention of
overgrazing.
ii. Appointment of
forest guards to prevent any illegal activity in forests.
iii. Restriction on
mining on any forest land.
iv. Deforestation.
STEP II: DESERTIFICATION-MEANING,
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA, CAUSES AND CONTROL MEASURES.
MEANING OF DESERTIFICATION: Desertification
simply means making of deserts. It may be because of loss of vegetation, little
or no rainfall, high temperature, etc. Desertification is the gradual
conversion of fertile land into desert usually as a result of human activities.
EFFECTS OF DESERTIFICATION:
i. Loss of topsoil by
soil erosion due to bad management of farmland.
ii. After
desertification, the land cannot be used to grow crops or support livestock
iii. Loss of
vegetation and exposure of soils to the atmosphere create warmer and drier
climates. It further leads to desertification.
GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES PRONE TO DESERTIFICATION:
Areas having less or
no rainfall are more prone to become deserts. In Northern states such as
Katsina, Kano, Sokoto, Jigawa, Borno, have very low rainfall.
CAUSES OF DESERTIFICATION:
i. Misuse of resources.
ii.
Overgrazing which makes the land
barren.
iii. Deforestation which leads to soil erosion until the land can no longer be
used to grow crops.
iv.
Cutting of trees for firewood makes
the land arid.
v. Over cultivation of crops on the same land resulting
in loss of fertility rendering it unsuitable for cultivation.
vi.
Bush burning exposes the soil to wind and rain.
vii. Bad management of farmland by the farmers.
CONTROL MEASURES OF DESERTIFICATION:
1. Sustained planting
of trees.
2. Strict regulations
against cutting of trees.
3. Spreading awareness
in local people about the benefits of planting trees.
4. Regulation against
bush burning.
STEP III: DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER AND ITS EFFECTS
DESCRIPTION OF OZONE LAYER
The Earth’s atmosphere consists of a number
of different layers i.e. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
and Exosphere. The stratosphere contains the ozone shield, a layer of ozone
(O3). Ozone layer shields the surface from biologically destructive ultraviolet
radiation from the sun. Ozone is being destroyed by the release of gases
particularly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are used in refrigerators, solvents,
and air conditioners.
LOCATION OF THE OZONE LAYER IN THE ATMOSPHERE:
Earth’s atmosphere is made up of a number of
different layers. The troposphere which is the lower atmospheric layer
surrounds us at ground level. The stratosphere is often called the upper
atmosphere.
Ozone
lies above the troposphere and extends between 8 km to 50 km. It is produced in
the upper atmosphere when sunlight strikes oxygen atoms and causes them to
temporarily combine. It performs a very important function as it shields the
atmosphere and protects the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The UV
radiation is very harmful and highly damaging.
IMPORTANCE OF OZONE
LAYER:
Ultraviolet
radiations are very harmful or highly damaging to us. The ozone layer serves as
an umbrella or protective shield that saves the Earth's surface from most of
the ultraviolet solar radiation.
EFFECTS OF DEPLETION OF
THE OZONE LAYER TO THE LIFE ON EARTH:
1. Greenhouse Effect:
The greenhouse effect is a natural process in which certain gases, known as
"greenhouse gases," trap heat that radiates from the earth's surface.
The temperature on Earth may increase by about 1.5 to 4.5°C by the year 2050.
Photosynthesis, water use efficiency and yield of plants would decrease. The
photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the aquatic ecosystem would also be markedly
reduced. Human health is also affected.
2. Global Warming:
All scientists agree that if "greenhouse gases" increase and all
other factors remain constant, the Earth will warm up. The climate is getting
warmer and the effects of global warming are becoming increasingly noticeable
in many countries.
3. Ice Melting and
Flooding: According to most estimates, a 20C
average increase in global temperature would warm up the Antarctic by 50C.
This temperature rise is enough for the melting and disintegration of ice-sheets.
This will increase sea level by 16 to 20 feet. It will cause flooding in most
of the areas.
CONTROL MEASURES TO
PREVENT DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER:
1.
Reduce bush burning.
2.
By reducing the use of CFCs. Many countries have already banned the use of CFCs.
3.
By developing substitutes to replace CFCs. Scientists have already developed
some substitutes which are ozone friendly.
4.
Reduction of energy use, especially the fossil fuels.
5.
Shifting from carbon-based fossil fuels to alternative energy sources.
6.
Carbon capture and storage.
7.
Geoengineering including carbon sequenstation.
SUMMARY/CONCLUSSION:
i.
Desertification refers to sustained land degradation.
ii.
Desertification results from the misuse of resources. Desertification can be
controlled by the systemic and sustained planting of trees.
EVALUATION: Oral
questions
1.
What is desertification?
2.
What are the causes and effects of desertification?
3.
What is deforestation?
4.
What is ozone layer? Where is it present?
5.
What is ozone hole? How is it formed?
ASSIGNMENT:
1.
Discuss the role of laws and regulations in the prevention of deforestation.
2.
Name two agencies, which can make laws and regulations on bush burning.
3.
List any two reasons for deforestation.
4.
What are the harmful effects of the ozone layer depletion?
5. List some of the control measures to prevent depletion of ozone layer.
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