PROPOSED LESSON PLAN/NOTE FOR THE
THIRD WEEK ENDING 30th SEPTEMBER, 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION
SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE
TOPIC: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
CLASS: GRADE 8
NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 22
AVERAGE AGE: 12+ YEARS
GENDER: MIXED
PERIOD: 3RD AND 4TH
PERIOD ON MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY RESPECTIVELY
DURATION: 40 MINUTES
DATE: 26/09/2022
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By
the end of the lesson the students should be able to;
i.
state the meaning of growth;
ii.
explain growth pattern;
iii.
explain measurements of Growth;
iv.
explain developmental changes/ stages;
ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS
KNOWLEDGE: The students have idea about growth.
INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS/TECHNIC: Questions,
visual, simulation.
INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS: Textbook, lesson note, laptop,
projector, marker, whiteboard, pictures showing an infant, adolescent and an
adult.
INTRODUCTION: Questions posed
to the students include
Question
1: Ask
the students of their various height
STEPI: MEANING OF GROWTH
Growth may be simply defined as the
developmental increase in mass of living beings. It is a fundamental property
of life, and an important factor in development. Growth enables organisms to
increase in size, number of cells (proliferation) and cellular differentiation
thus, growth and development go together. Growth is an irreversible increase in
size, weight and height. Human beings and plants grow in height, become wide
and gain weight. In human beings, the growth of a body muscle resulting from
regular exercise is due to increase in size of the individual muscle fibres
rather than increase in their number.
STEP II: GROWTH PATTERN:
Two
patterns of growth are commonly seen in animals regarding body proportions,
i.e, isometric and allometric. In isometric pattern of growth, an organ grows
at the same mean rate as the rest of the body. The external form of the body
does not change as the organism grows in size and the form and size remain
proportional. Fishes and certain insects, such as locusts show isometric
growth. In allometric pattern of growth, the growth of every organism from an
egg to adulthood evolves. This type of growth is seen in mammals including
human beings. Allometric growth is the difference in the rate of growth of
different parts of the body. For example, a human infant has a head that is
larger relatively to other body parts. The adult form result from this type of
growth, that is more rapid growth of arms and legs than the head and body.
STEP III: MEASUREMENT OF
GROWTH
Generally,
children gain an average of 7 pounds in weight and 2 inches in height per year.
Body composition and body shape remain relatively constant during middle
childhood. For females, most physical growth is completed by 2 years after
menarche. Males begin puberty about 2 years later than females.
The
height or length is measured in cm, inches and metres. We can use metre rule or
height measuring instrument to take the length or height of a child.
To measure height accurately at home:
i.
Remove the child's foot wares, bulky clothes and hair ornaments that interferes
with t he measurement.
ii. Take
the height measurement on flooring that is not carpeted and against a flat
surface such as a wall.
To weigh accurately at home:
i. Be
sure to place it on an absolutely flat surface.
ii.
Weigh yourself on the same scale each time.
iii.
Weigh yourself at the same time of day each time.
iv. Make
sure you are standing up straight with your weight evenly distributed on the
scale.
v. Stand
still while the machine gets the proper reading.
Since
growth has long been recognized as a measure of the health of an individual ,
it also monitors for significant deficiency from genetic expectations. Adequate
nutrition and proper medical care are equally contributed to a good health and
body size. On the other hand, development is the beginning of an individual’s
ability to act suitably in a particular environment. It is also termed as
internal maturation.
From the
above introductory discussion, it is clear that growth differs from development.
The distinguishing features of growth and development are given below:
|
|
Growth |
Development |
|
(i) |
It
does not follow particular line |
It
always follow a directional order. |
|
(ii) |
It is
concerned with changes in particular aspects of individual body. |
It
applies to the individual as a whole. |
|
(iii) |
It can
be measured in height and weight. |
It
cannot be measured externally. |
|
(iv) |
It
ceases in human being at maturity. |
It
continues till the last day of an individual’s life. |
|
(v) |
It is
structural and quantitative. |
It is
functional and quantitative. |
STEP IV: DEVELOPMENTAL
CHANGES OR STAGES
At
the beginning of life, children are entirely embedded in the processes which
build up the body. The change of teeth and puberty are two marked events which divide
the life of the child into following four stages.
(i)
Infancy
(ii)
Childhood
(iii)
Adolescence
(iv)
Adulthood.
INFANCY:
An
infant or a baby is a very young offspring of humans. A newborn baby is an
infant who is within hours, days, or up to a few weeks from birth. In medical
contexts, newborn is called neonate which refers to an infant in the first 28
days after birth. The term 'newborn includes premature infants, post mature
infants and full term newborns.
Characteristics of
infancy are given below:
(i)
A newborn baby's head is very large in proportion to the rest of the body.
(ii)
Shoulders and hips are narrow
(iii)
The abdomen protrudes slightly.
(iv)
Some newborn babies have a fine, downy body hair called lanugo.
(v)The
scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless
newborns.
(vi)
Newborns' digestive tract, which of course has never been used prior to birth,
are filled with a greenish black sticky material called meconium.
(vii)
Immediately after birth, a newborn baby's skin is often grayish to dusky blue
in colour.
(viii)
A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, while male infants have unusually
large scrotum.
(ix)
Reflex action controls the behaviour of children.
(x)
Teeth start coming out
(xi)
Children learn to grasp things, crawl and start walking.
CHILDHOOD:
Child
development refers to the biological, psychological and emotional changes that
occur in human being as the individual progress from dependency to increasing
autonomy.
characteristics of
childhood stage:
(i)
Physical growth in stature and weight occurs following the birth, as the
individual changes from the average weight of 3.5 kg and length of 50 cm at
full-term birth.
(ii)
The capacity to learn, remember, and symbolize information, and to solve
problems, exists at a simple level in young infants
(iii)
During childhood, learning and information processing increase in speed, memory
becomes increasingly longer.
(iv)
Languages are clearly spoken during this stage.
(v)
Size of bones increases, and bones become harder.
(vi)
Head, in size, grows slowly.
(vii)
Limb growth is very rapid.
(viii)
Permanent teeth replace milk teeth.
(ix)
Normal individual in motor ability are common and depend in part on the child's
weight and build.
ADOLESCENCE:
Adolescence
is a transitional stage of physical and mental human development generally
occurring between puberty and legal adulthood, but largely characterized as
beginning and ending with the teenage stage.
Characteristic features
of adolescence are as follows:
(i)
Adolescence is a time for rapid cognitive development.
(ii)
It is associated with notable changes in mood sometimes known as mood swings.
(iii)
Adolescent sexuality refers to sexual feelings behaviour and development in
adolescents and is a stage of human sexuality.
(iv)
Secondary sexual characteristics appear clearly in both sexes.
(v)
Enlargement of breasts, uterus and vagina in girls occurs.
(vi)
In girls, hip and thighs broaden.
(V)
In boys, during this stage, penis increases in length and width, larynx
enlarges with clear-cut appearance of Adam s apple, vocal cords also increase
in length and thickness. Consequently, voice becomes deeper, moustaches clearly
seen on face, and hair appear on pubic region, armpit and chest.
ADULTHOOD:
When
growth is complete, the adulthood stage begins. An adult is a human being or
living organism that is of relatively mature age, typically associated with
sexual maturity and the attainment of reproductive age.
Adulthood
stage exists between the ages 20 to 45. Its stage is reached slightly earlier
in female than the male.
Characteristic features
of the adulthood stage are:
(i)
Realizing that maturity is an ongoing process, not a state, and continuously
starving for self-improvement.
(ii)
Has the ability to listen to and evaluate the views of others.
(iii)
Accepts negative feedback as a tool for self- improvement.
(iv)
Manages personal fears.
(v)
Keeps other people's feeling in mind and limits selfishness.
(vi)
Aware of personal insecurities and self-esteems.
(vii)
Understanding that open communication is the key to progression.
(viii)
Being able to distinguish between 'needs and wants.'
(ix)
Maintains patience and flexibility on a daily basis.
(x)
Understands that no skill or talent can overshadow the act of preparation.
SUMMARY/CONCLUSSION
i.
Development is the internal maturation.
ii.
The four stages of growth in human beings are infancy, adolescence, and adulthood.
iii.
Adolescence is a time for rapid cognitive development.
iv.
Growth bring about a change in size, weight and height. It is irreversible and
permanent.
EVALUATION:
i. What
do you mean by growth?
ii. Give
the distinguishing characteristic of growth and development.
iii.
List any three growth changes in human beings.
iv.
What do you mean by development?
v.
Give two distinguishing characters of development.
vi.
What are the four stages of development in human beings?
ASSIGNMENT:
1. What
is growth?
2.
Differentiate between isometric and allometric growth.
3.
Development is also termed?
4.
List three examples of developmental changes in infants, adolescents and
adults.
5.
State the characteristics of growth and development changes.
6.
Classify changes in living things as:
(a)
growth and developmental changes.
(b)
temporary and permanent changes.
7.
Give four characteristics of the childhood stage.
8.
Give four features of the adolescence stage.
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