SKELETAL SYSTEM LESSON NOTE

PROPOSED LESSON PLAN/NOTE FOR THE FOURTH WEEK ENDING 7^th OCTOBER, 2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE

TOPIC: SKELETAL SYSTEM

CLASS: GRADE 8

NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 22

AVERAGE AGE: 12+ YEARS

GENDER: MIXED

PERIOD: 3^RD & 4^TH PERIOD ON MONDAY AND WEDNESDAY RESPECTIVELY

TIME: 12:40-1:20 and 1:20-2:00

DURATION: 40 MINUTES

DATE: 03/10/2022

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

i. explain the meaning of skeletal System;

ii. discuss bones and their functions;

iii. describe parts and functions of skeleton;
iv. discuss joints and types of joints;

v. discuss types and functions of muscles;

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with bones, muscles and joints.

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS/TECHNIC: Questions, simulation, visual.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Skeleton, picture of skeletons, some animal bones.

INTRODUCTION: Questions posed to the students include

Question 1: What is a skeleton?

STEPI: MEANING OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

  The skeleton is the bony framework upon which the body is built. Bones give shape to the body, the bones make up the skeleton. There are about 206 bones in the adult human body. A skeleton contains of a softer tissues called cartilage.

  Skeleton is divided into two functional parts namely the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of bones of the head, neck and vertebral column, and rib cage. The axial skeleton supports and protects organs. The appendicular skeleton on the other consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs including shoulder and pelvic girdles.

STEPII: BONES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

1. The bones of the skeleton give shape to the body.

2. It provides surface attachment of muscles.

3. It makes movement easy.

4. It gives rigidity.

5. Formation of blood (red blood cells is formed in the bone marrow).

6. It protects the vital organs e.g. heart, brain, lungs, etc.

STEPIII: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF SKELETON

Cervical Vertebrae: In man there are seven. The 1^st is called the atlas while the 2^nd is the Axis. The 3^rd -7^th are nominal cervical bones.

Atlas:

Functions: It allows the head to nod.

Axis: 

Function: It allows the head to be turned easily.

Thoracic Vertebrae:  This is found in the chest region. In man they are twelve in number.

Function: It aids the attachment of the ribs, It assists in breathing alongside with the ribs.

Lumbar Vertebrae: This is found in the upper abdominal region. In man they are five in number.

Function: It provides attachment to abdominal muscles. They bear considerable weight of the body.

Sacral Vertebrae:

 This is found in the lower abdominal region. In man they are five in number.

Function: They give support rigidity and strength to the abdominal cavity.

STEPIV: JOINTS AND TYPES OF JOINTS

 A joint is the point where two or more bones meet together in the body. All joints are lubricated with an oily liquid (synovial fluid) around them to reduce friction and make easy for one bone to move against another. Depending on the degree of movement, joints can be classified into moveable and immovable joints.

Movable joints: In moveable joints, movement of the body is possible to some extent. There are four types of movable joint.

Ball and socket joint: This is the kind of joint found in the shoulder and hips of human beings. Such a joint allows the bones to move and turn in all directions.

Hinge joint: Hinge joints are found at the knee and in the fingers and toes of animals. Such a joint allows movement in one direction. Hinge joints are also called synovial joints because they have a synovial cavity.

Pivot Joint: Pivot joints are especially suited for rotating movements. The movement between the first two cervical vertebrae in the pivot joint enables the head to turn from side to side. The neck is a pivot joint that allows rotation.

Gliding Joint: Gliding joints allow one set of bones to twist or slide on another set e.g. wrist and ankle joints.

Immoveable Joints: The bones fit closely together and there is no movement e.g. suture joint. The suture joint is a type of fibrous joint that unites most bones of the skull.

STEP V: TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES

  Muscles are made up of many tiny cells which are held together by thin strands of connective tissues. Muscles are attached to bones by means of whitish cords called Tendons. The muscles can contract and relax producing movement in the animal body. The muscle and skeletal systems work together to produce movement. There are three types of muscles namely:

1. Smooth muscles (found on the blood vessels and gut wall).

2. Cardiac muscles (found on the walls of the heart).

3. Skeletal muscles (found attached to the bones).

The cardiac and smooth muscles are called Involuntary Muscles because they cannot be controlled while skeletal muscles are called Voluntary Muscles because we can control their movement.

There are two types of skeletal muscles which are Biceps (flexor) and Triceps (extensor)

The skeletal muscles are usually arranged in pairs and each member of the pair is antagonistic to each other as they act in opposite direction, in order words as one contracts, the other relaxes.

For example in bending the forelimb, the biceps contract, and the triceps relax, and in straightening, the biceps relax, and the triceps contract.

EVALUATION:

i. Explain the meaning of skeletal System.

ii. Discuss bones and their functions.

iii. Describe parts and functions of skeleton.
iv. Discuss joints and types of joints.

v. Discuss types and functions of muscles.

SUMMARY/CONCLUSSION:

I. The skeleton is the bony framework upon which the body is built.

II. A joint is the point where two or more bones meet together in the body.

III. Muscles are made up of many tiny cells which are held together by thin strands of connective tissues.

ASSIGNMENT:

1. Explain the meaning of skeletal System.

2. Discuss bones and their functions.

3. Describe parts and functions of skeleton.
4. Discuss joints and types of joints.

5. Discuss types and functions of muscles.