Respiratory System II (Lesson note)

DETAILED LESSON NOTE

School: Junior Secondary School
Subject: Basic Science
Class: JSS 2 (Grade 8)
Date: To be inserted by the teacher
Duration: 40 minutes
Period: To be inserted by the teacher
Topic: Respiratory System II
Sub-topic: Breathing and Its Mechanism, Artificial Respiration, Problems and Diseases of the Respiratory System

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Instructional Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Describe breathing and explain its mechanism. (Knowledge – Lower domain)
• Measurable: Students should state at least two steps in inhalation and exhalation.
2. Discuss artificial respiration and identify its methods. (Comprehension – Middle domain)
• Measurable: Students should explain artificial respiration and mention at least one method.
3. Analyze common problems and diseases of the respiratory system. (Analysis – Higher domain)
• Measurable: Students should identify at least two respiratory diseases, state their causes, and suggest preventive measures.

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Instructional Materials

• Chart/diagram of the respiratory system
• Model of lungs or balloon demonstration
• First aid poster showing artificial respiration
• Pictures of people suffering from respiratory diseases (asthma attack, TB patient)

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Previous Knowledge

Students already know the parts of the respiratory system (nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm) from the previous lesson on Respiratory System I.

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Lesson Development

Step I: Introduction (5 minutes)

• Teacher greets students and makes them settle.
• Teacher asks: “What do you notice when you breathe in and out?”
• Expected responses: “My chest rises and falls,” “Air goes in and out,” “I feel my ribs move.”
• Teacher uses their answers to introduce today’s topic: Respiratory System II.
• Teacher writes the objectives on the board and explains them.

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Step II: Presentation (25 minutes)

Objective 1 – Breathing and Its Mechanism (8 minutes)

• Teacher explains: Breathing is the process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
• Teacher describes the mechanism:
• Inhalation
• Diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
• Ribs move upward and outward.
• Lungs expand, air rushes in.
• Exhalation
• Diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
• Ribs move downward and inward.
• Lungs contract, air is forced out.
• Teacher demonstrates by taking a deep breath and showing chest movement.
• Students practice breathing in and out while touching their ribs.
• Teacher draws a simple diagram of inhalation vs exhalation on the board.

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Objective 2 – Artificial Respiration and Its Methods (8 minutes)

• Teacher explains: Artificial respiration is a first aid method used to help someone breathe when their natural breathing has stopped.
• Causes of stopped breathing: drowning, suffocation, electric shock, poisoning.
• Teacher describes methods:
1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation – rescuer blows air directly into the victim’s mouth.
2. Mouth-to-nose resuscitation – rescuer blows air into the nose if the mouth is injured or cannot open.
• Teacher uses a first aid chart to demonstrate the correct position: victim lying flat, airway opened by tilting the head back.
• Students watch attentively; teacher asks: “When do we use artificial respiration?” (Expected: drowning, suffocation, etc.)

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Objective 3 – Problems and Diseases of the Respiratory System (9 minutes)

• Teacher introduces: “Our lungs can also be attacked by diseases if we are careless with our health.”
• Explains major respiratory diseases:
• Asthma: Difficulty in breathing caused by narrowed airways.
• Tuberculosis (TB): Infection caused by bacteria that attacks the lungs.
• Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs often due to infection.
• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the air passages.
• Teacher explains causes: smoking, dust, air pollution, infections, poor ventilation.
• Teacher asks: “What do you think happens if someone smokes every day?” (Expected: weak lungs, risk of cancer, shortness of breath).
• Teacher explains preventive measures: good hygiene, avoiding smoking, vaccination, living in a clean environment.
• Students mention other preventive measures (wearing face masks in dusty places, staying away from smoke).

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Step III: Evaluation (5 minutes)

Teacher asks the following questions:

1. What is breathing?
2. State two steps that happen during inhalation and exhalation.
3. What is artificial respiration?
4. Mention one method of artificial respiration.
5. Identify two diseases of the respiratory system and state one preventive measure for each.

(Teacher calls different students to answer.)

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Step IV: Conclusion (3 minutes)

• Teacher summarizes:
• Breathing is inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.
• Artificial respiration is a way of helping someone breathe when natural breathing fails.
• Respiratory diseases include asthma, TB, pneumonia, bronchitis.
• Teacher closes with: “Healthy lungs mean a healthy life. Protect your lungs by avoiding smoke, dust, and infections.”

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Assignment (2 minutes)

1. Draw and label a diagram showing the mechanism of breathing (inhalation and exhalation).
2. List three differences between inhalation and exhalation.