Skeletal System (Lesson note)

DETAILED LESSON NOTE
Subject: Basic Science
Class: JSS 2 (Grade 8)
Topic: Skeletal System

Week: Five
Duration: 40 minutes
Date: To be inserted by the teacher
Period: To be inserted by the teacher

---

Instructional Materials

• Diagram/chart of human skeleton
• Model of bones (if available)
• Pictures of joints and muscles
• Chalkboard/marker

---

Lesson Objectives

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

1. Knowledge (Lower Domain): Define the skeletal system correctly.
2. Comprehension (Middle Domain): Identify major bones in the body and explain their functions.
3. Application (Higher Domain): Describe the skeleton, its parts, and their functions.
4. Analysis (Higher Domain): Differentiate between types of joints with examples.
5. Synthesis (Higher Domain): Categorize muscles into types and explain their functions.
6. Evaluation (Higher Domain): Assess the importance of movement in daily life.

---

Entry Behaviour

Students are aware that their body needs support and they can feel bones under their skin.

---

Set Induction (5 minutes)

• Teacher displays a chart/model of the skeleton and asks:
  “What gives our body its shape and allows us to stand upright?”
• Expected Response: “Bones” or “Skeleton.”
• Teacher introduces the topic: The Skeletal System.

---

Presentation (25 minutes)

Step 1: Meaning of Skeletal System (5 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explains that the skeletal system is the framework of bones that gives the body shape, support, protection, and enables movement.
• Writes definition on the board.

Students’ Activities:

• Repeat the definition.
• Mention examples of body parts supported by bones.

Learning Point: The skeletal system supports the body and enables life activities.

---

Step 2: Bones and Their Functions (5 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explains that bones are hard structures forming the skeleton.
• Functions:
1. Support the body.
2. Protect delicate organs (e.g., skull protects brain, ribs protect heart/lungs).
3. Help movement (with muscles and joints).
4. Produce blood cells (in bone marrow).
5. Store minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Students’ Activities:

• Mention examples of bones (skull, ribs, femur).
• Match bones to their functions.

Learning Point: Bones are important for protection, support, and movement.

---

Step 3: The Skeleton – Parts and Functions (5 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explains parts of the human skeleton:
• Skull → protects the brain.
• Rib cage → protects lungs/heart.
• Vertebral column → supports the body and allows bending.
• Limbs (arms/legs) → help in movement and work.
• Uses chart/model to demonstrate.

Students’ Activities:

• Identify skeleton parts on the chart.
• State functions of each part.

Learning Point: Each part of the skeleton has a special function.

---

Step 4: Joints and Types of Joints (5 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Defines joint as the place where two or more bones meet.
• Explains types of joints:
• Fixed → no movement (skull).
• Hinge → movement in one direction (elbow, knee).
• Ball and socket → movement in many directions (hip, shoulder).
• Pivot → turning movement (neck).
• Gliding → sliding movement (wrist, ankle).

Students’ Activities:

• Demonstrate joint movements using their own bodies.
• Mention examples for each type.

Learning Point: Joints enable different types of movement.

---

Step 5: Muscles – Types and Functions (3 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explains muscles as tissues that contract and relax to move bones.
• Types:
• Skeletal (voluntary, e.g., biceps, leg muscles).
• Smooth (involuntary, e.g., stomach, intestines).
• Cardiac (heart muscle, works continuously).

Students’ Activities:

• Mention where each muscle is found.
• Touch their arms to feel muscle movement when flexing.

Learning Point: Muscles work with bones to produce movement.

---

Step 6: Movement and Its Importance (2 minutes)

Teacher’s Activities:

• Explains importance of movement:
1. Helps us perform daily activities (walking, writing, working).
2. Keeps the body fit and healthy.
3. Prevents stiffness and improves circulation.

Students’ Activities:

• Mention activities that require movement (sports, farming, dancing).

Learning Point: Movement is essential for health and survival.

---

Evaluation (5 minutes)

Teacher asks:

1. What is the skeletal system?
2. Mention two functions of bones.
3. State two parts of the skeleton and their functions.
4. List two types of joints and examples.
5. Name three types of muscles and where they are found.
6. State two reasons why movement is important.

Expected Answers:

1. Framework of bones in the body.
2. Support, protection, blood cell production, movement, mineral storage.
3. Skull → protects brain; Rib cage → protects heart/lungs.
4. Hinge → elbow; Ball and socket → shoulder.
5. Skeletal → arm/leg; Smooth → stomach; Cardiac → heart.
6. For daily activities, fitness, health, and survival.

---

Assignment

1. Draw and label the human skeleton (at least five parts).
2. Write out four functions of the skeletal system.

---

Conclusion

• Teacher summarizes:
• The skeletal system is made of bones.
• Bones have many functions including support and protection.
• Skeleton has parts like skull, rib cage, limbs, vertebral column.
• Joints connect bones and allow different movements.
• Muscles work with bones to produce movement.
• Movement is important for survival, health, and activities.
• Teacher encourages students to take care of their bones and muscles by eating well and exercising.