RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Lesson note

PROPOSED LESSON PLAN/NOTE FOR THE FIFTH WEEK ENDING 14^th OCTOBER, 2022

2022/2023 ACADEMIC SESSION

SUBJECT: BASIC SCIENCE

TOPIC: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CLASS: GRADE 8

NUMBER OF STUDENTS: 22

AVERAGE AGE: 12+ YEARS

GENDER: MIXED

PERIOD: 2^nd AND 5^th PERIOD ON MONDAY AND FRIDAY RESPECTIVELY

TIME: 80 MINUTES

DURATION: 40 MINUTES

DATE: 10/10/2022

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the students should be able to;

1. state the meaning of respiratory system;

2. discuss respiration and its types (Aerobic And Anaerobic Internal Respiration); 3. discuss the diagram of the human respiratory system.

ENTRY BEHAVIOUR/ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: Students are familiar with loamy soil the best soil for planting.

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS/TECHNIC: Questions, simulation, visual.

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Plant samples, pictures showing fertile soil.

INTRODUCTION: Questions posed to the students include

STEP 1:RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

The human respiratory system is a network of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Its primary organs are the lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe. 

The lungs work with the circulatory system to pump oxygen-rich blood to all cells in the body. The blood then collects carbon dioxide and other waste products and transports them back to the lungs, where the waste products are pumped out of the body when we exhale. The human body needs oxygen to sustain itself. After only about five minutes without oxygen, brain cells begin dying which can lead to brain damage and ultimately death.

In humans, the average breathing, or respiratory rate, mostly depends on age. A newborn's normal breathing rate is about 40 to 60 times each minute and may slow to 30 to 40 times per minute when the baby is sleeping. The average resting respiratory rate for adults is 12 to 16 breaths per minute, and up to 40 to 60 breaths per minute during exercise.

PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

·         Nose 

·         Mouth 

·         Throat (pharynx) 

·         Voice box (larynx) 

·         Windpipe (trachea) 

·         Large airways (bronchi) 

·         Small airways (bronchioles) 

·         Lungs

·         Diaphragm

As we breathe, oxygen enters the nose or mouth and passes the sinuses, which are hollow spaces in the skull that help regulate the temperature and humidity of the air we breathe. 

From the sinuses, air passes through the trachea, also called the windpipe, and into the bronchial tubes, which are the two tubes that carry air into each lung (each one is called a bronchus). The bronchial tubes are lined with tiny hairs called cilia that move back and forth, carrying mucus up and out. Mucus is a sticky fluid that collects dust, germs and other matter that has invaded the lungs and is what we expel when we sneeze and cough. 

The bronchial tubes split up again to carry air into the lobes of each lung. The right lung has three lobes while the left lung has only two, to accommodate room for the heart. The lobes are filled with small, spongy sacs called alveoli, which is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. 

 

From the trachea, air enters the bronchial tubes which split up and reach into the three lobes of the right lung and the two lobes of the left lung.

 

The alveolar walls are extremely thin (about 0.2 micrometers) and are composed of a single layer of tissues called epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels called pulmonary capillaries. Blood in the capillaries picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then makes its way to the pulmonary veins. These four veins, two from each lung, carry oxygen-rich blood to the left side of the heart, where it is pumped to all parts of the body. The carbon dioxide the blood left behind moves into the alveoli and gets expelled in our exhaled breath.

The diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs, controls breathing and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. When air gets taken in, the diaphragm tightens and moves downward, making more space for the lungs to fill with air and expand. During exhalation, the diaphragm expands and compresses the lungs, forcing air out.

STEP 2: RESPIRATION AND ITS TYPES

Respiration is the process in which organism exchanges gases between their body cells and the environment. All living organisms undergo respiration. Respiration may refer to any of the three elements of the process.

First, respiration may refer to external respiration or process of breathing (inhalation and exhalation), also called ventilation.

Secondly, respiration may refer to internal respiration, which is the diffusion of gases between body fluids (blood and interstitial fluid) and tissues.

Finally, respiration may refer to the metabolic processes of converting the energy stored in biological molecules to usable energy in the form of ATP. This process may involve the consumption of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide, as seen in aerobic cellular respiration, or may not involve the consumption of oxygen, as in the case of anaerobic respiration.

EVALUATION:

1. State the meaning of respiratory system;

2. Discuss respiration and its types

3. Draw the diagram of the human respiratory system.

SUMMARY:

The human respiratory system is a network of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

Parts Of The Respiratory System: Nose ,Mouth, Throat (pharynx),Voice box (larynx),Windpipe (trachea),Large airways (bronchi), Small airways (bronchioles), Lungs, Diaphragm.

Respiration is the process in which organism exchanges gases between their body cells and the environment.

ASSIGNMENT:

1. State the meaning of respiratory system;

2. Discuss respiration and its types

3. Draw the diagram of the human respiratory system.